During charging and discharging of an all-vanadium redox flow battery electrolyte components cross the membrane in the battery cell. This so called crossover leads to partial discharging and capacity loss. Fo.
[pdf] For a 24 volt system the panel at max power rating needs to be 32 to 36 volts. Roughly 16 to 18 volts for every 12 volts of battery. However that rule only applies if you are using a standard PWM or shunt regulator. Using that type of regulator you will loose 30% minimum of the power from the panels.
[pdf] Flow battery has recently drawn great attention due to its unique characteristics, such as safety, long life cycle, independent energy capacity and power output. It is especially suitable for large-scale storage syst.
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