Battery energy storage systems configured within small rooms, enclosures, or containers where flammable gas can exceed 25% of the lower flammable limit (LFL) should be protected with either explosion prevention/ suppression or deflagration venting designed and installed within requirements of NFPA 69 Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems and NFPA 68 Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting.
[pdf] This is a concise checklist to guide BESS thermal system design: Choose the best cooling mechanism: air, liquid, or hybrid cooling. Model heat sources and flow paths correctly. Utilize CFD software and heat transfer modeling. Optimize cabinet layout: fans, vents, coolant channels.
[pdf] NFPA 69: Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems: This standard provides requirements for installing systems for the prevention and control of explosions in enclosures that contain flammable concentrations of flammable gases, vapors, mists, dusts, or hybrid mixtures.
[pdf] 
